BIO 100 The Living World. (4)
fall, spring, summer
Principles of biology. Cannot be used for major credit in the biological sciences. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab.
General Studies: SQ

BIO 120 Human Physiology. (4)
not regularly offered
Basic concepts of general science are discussed using current issues and basic concepts of human physiology as a focus. Cannot be used for major credit in biological sciences. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab.
General Studies: SG

BIO 181 General Biology. (4)
fall, spring, summer
Biological concepts emphasizing fundamental principles and the interplay of structure and function at the molecular, cellular, organismal, and population levels of organization. Secondary school chemistry strongly recommended. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: biological sciences major or preprofessional student in health-related sciences.
General Studies: SQ

BIO 182 General Biology. (4)
fall, spring, summer
Continuation of BIO 181. Secondary school chemistry strongly recommended. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 181.
General Studies: SG

BIO 193 The Nature of Biological Science. (4)
not regularly offered
Creative and critical thinking skills in biological research; nature of biological knowledge; role of experimentation, predictions, hypotheses, theories, values. Lecture, lab, discussion. Fee. Prerequisite: high school biology.
General Studies: SQ

BIO 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology I. (4)
fall, spring, summer
Structure and dynamics of the human mechanism. Cannot be used for major credit in the Department of Biology. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab.
General Studies: SG

BIO 202 Human Anatomy and Physiology II. (4)
fall, spring, summer
Continuation of BIO 201. Cannot be used for major credit in the Department of Biology. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 201 or instructor approval.

BIO 218 Medical History. (1)
not regularly offered
Brief survey of humankind’s important inventions and discoveries in the art and science of medicine, illustrating interrelationships of medical ideas.

BIO 241 Human Genetics. (4)
fall
Introduction to basic concepts in genetics as they are applied to human heredity. Cannot be used for major credit in the Department of Biology. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: a course in the life sciences.
General Studies: SG

BIO 300 Natural History of Arizona. (3)
not regularly offered
Plant and animal communities of Arizona. Cannot be used for major credit in the biological sciences. Prerequisite: junior standing.

BIO 301 Field Natural History. (1)
not regularly offered
Organisms and their natural environment. 2 weekend field trips, field project. Cannot be used for major credit in the biological sciences. Fee. Pre- or corequisite: BIO 300.

BIO 302 Cancer and Heart Disease. (3)
fall
Incidence and mortality statistics for cancer and heart disease; host and environmental risk factors; diagnosis, treatment and prevention strategies. Cannot be counted toward a Biology major. Prerequisites: a combination of CHM 231 (or its equivalent) and 12 hours in life sciences and a General Studies L course or only instructor approval.
General Studies: L

BIO 303 Radiation and Life. (3)
spring
Benefits and risks of radiation exposure in society; medical applications, food irradiation, nuclear power, solar UV, population health effects. Cannot be counted toward a Biology major. Prerequisites: a combination of CHM 231 (or its equivalent) and 12 hours in life sciences and a General Studies L course or only instructor approval.
General Studies: L

BIO 304 Radiation Medicine and Biology. (3)
fall
Uses of radiation in medicine, including CT, diagnostic X-ray, MRI, nuclear medicine, ultrasound; biological effects of radiation with emphasis on cancer. Prerequisites: a combination of PHY 112 and 12 hours in life sciences and a General Studies L course or only instructor approval.
General Studies: L

BIO 310 Special Problems and Techniques. (1–3)
fall and spring
Qualified undergraduates may investigate a specific biological problem under the direction of a faculty member. May be repeated for a total of 6 semester hours. Prerequisites: formal conference with the instructor; approval of the problem by the instructor and department chair.

BIO 311 Biology and Society. (3)
spring
Explores interactions between biological sciences and society, e.g., biomedical, environmental, ethical, historical, legal, philosophical, political, and social issues. Lecture, discussion. Prerequisites: both BIO 181 and 182 or only BIO 193 (or 100).

BIO 316 History of Biology: Conflicts and Controversies. (3)
not regularly offered
Focuses on 19th and 20th centuries, considering biology as a discipline. Evolution, problems of heredity, development, and cell theory. Cross-listed as HPS 330. Credit is allowed for only BIO 316 or HPS 330.
General Studies: H

BIO 317 Conservation Biology. (3)
fall
Scientific and technical means for management, maintenance, protection, and restoration of biological resources on this planet. Prerequisite: 8 hours in biology.

BIO 318 History of Medicine. (3)
once a year
Scientific study of the human body, changing theories of disease, evolution of practical opinions on treatment, and the emerging institutionalization of medical practice. Cross-listed as HPS 331. Credit is allowed for only BIO 318 or HPS 331.
General Studies: H

BIO 319 Environmental Science (Nonmajor). (3)
fall
Environmental and biological concepts used to understand ecological systems with specific references to problems caused by humans. Cannot be used for major credit in the biological sciences. Cross-listed as PLB 320. Credit is allowed for only BIO 319 or PLB 320.
General Studies: G

BIO 320 Fundamentals of Ecology. (3)
fall and spring
Organization, functioning, and development of ecological systems; energy flow; biogeochemical cycling; environmental relations; population dynamics. Prerequisite: BIO 182 or instructor approval.

BIO 321 Introductory Ecology Laboratory. (3)
once a year
Laboratory and field observations and experiments to test current concepts and theories in ecology. Lab. Fee. Pre- or corequisite: BIO 320.
General Studies: L

BIO 331 Animal Behavior. (3)
fall
Evolutionary, genetic, physiological, and ecological bases of animal behavior. Prerequisite: BIO 182 (or its equivalent).

BIO 336 Sociobiology. (3)
not regularly offered
Survey of animal and human social behavior examined from an evolutionary perspective. Suitable for nonmajors. BIO 331 is recommended.

BIO 340 General Genetics. (4)
fall, spring, summer
Science of heredity and variation. 3 hours lecture, 1 hour recitation. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 341 Genetic Analysis. (5)
not regularly offered
General genetics: science of heredity and variation using critical inquiry. Credit is allowed for onlyABC 123 or BIO 340. 3 hours lecture, 6 hours lab. Prerequisites: BIO 182 and 193 (or their equivalents).

BIO 342 General Genetics Laboratory. (2)
fall
General principles of inheritance with special reference to Mendelian, molecular, and computational genetics are explored via laboratory experiments. Lab. Pre- or corequisite: BIO 340.

BIO 343 Genetic Engineering and Society. (4)
fall
Introduction to genetic engineering, with emphasis on applications (gene therapy, DNA fingerprinting, bioremediation, transgenic animals and plants). 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Cross-listed as MBB 343. Credit is allowed for only BIO 343 or MBB 343. Prerequisites: preferably both MBB 245 and 246 or only BIO 181 (or its equivalent).
General Studies: L

BIO 344 Origins, Evolution, and Creation. (3)
not regularly offered
Examines scientific, mythic, and religious ideas relating to origins (particularly human). Place of antievolutionism and “scientific creationism” in American culture. Lecture, discussion. Cross-listed as HPS 311/HUM 371/REL 383. Credit is allowed for only BIO 344 or HPS 311 or HUM 371 or REL 383.

BIO 345 Organic Evolution. (3)
spring
Processes of adaptive change and speciation in sexual populations. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 346 The Darwinian Revolution. (3)
not regularly offered
Intellectual and cultural history of Darwinism and modern evolutionary theory and their impact on 19th- and 20th-century thought. Lecture, discussion. Cross-listed as HPS 332/HUM 372. Credit is allowed for only BIO 346 or HPS 332 or HUM 372.

BIO 351 Developmental Anatomy. (3)
fall
General developmental biology (embryology) and comparative structure of organ systems, illustrated mainly by vertebrate examples. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 352 Laboratory in Vertebrate Developmental Anatomy. (2)
fall
Morphology of representative embryonic and adult vertebrates. BIO 351 recommended. 2 3-hour labs. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 353 Cell Biology. (3)
fall, spring, summer
Survey of major topics in cell biology, including structural, biochemical, and molecular aspects of cell function. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 360 Animal Physiology. (4)
fall and spring
Physiological mechanisms of the higher vertebrates. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Fee. Prerequisites: BIO 182; CHM 115; MAT 117.

BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology. (4)
fall and spring
Characteristics, classification, evolution, and natural history of the major groups of vertebrate animals. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology. (4)
fall
Characteristics, life cycles, adaptations, and evolution of invertebrate animals. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 182 or instructor approval.

BIO 386 General Entomology. (4)
not regularly offered
Form, activities, and classification of insects. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 394 Special Topics. (2–3)
not regularly offered
Topics of current or special interest in one or more aspects of biology. Topics vary. Prerequisite: junior standing.

BIO 406 Computer Applications in Biology. (3)
fall
Computer analysis techniques in biology emphasizing data entry, management and analysis, and graphic portrayal. Employs mainframe and microcomputers. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Cross-listed as PLB 432. Credit is allowed for only BIO 406 or PLB 432. Prerequisites: both BIO 182 and MAT 117 (or 210) or only instructor approval.
General Studies: CS

BIO 410 Techniques in Wildlife Conservation Biology. (3)
fall
Field and analytical techniques used in evaluating population structure, viability and environmental impacts. Lecture, lab. Fee. Prerequisites: both BIO 317 and 320 or only instructor approval.
General Studies: L

BIO 411 Advanced Conservation Biology I. (3)
fall
Principles of conservation science, biology of threatened species, management principles that meet conservation goals, emphasizing North American ecosystems. Prerequisites: BIO 317, 320.

BIO 412 Advanced Conservation Biology II. (3)
spring
Global biodiversity patterns, processes, and conservation; global environmental change; sustainable use of natural resources; emphasizing international approaches to conservation biology. Prerequisites: BIO 317, 320.

BIO 415 Biometry. (4)
fall
Statistical methods applied to biological problems, design of experiments, estimation, significance, analysis of variance, regression, correlation, chi square, and bioassay; the use of computers. Does not satisfy laboratory requirements for the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences' General Studies program. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: MAT 210 (or its equivalent).
General Studies: CS

BIO 416 Professional Values in Science. (3)
once a year
Considers issues related to values in science such as collaboration, finances, legal issues, media, mentoring, ownership of ideas, scientific integrity. Discussion, student projects. Cross-listed as HPS 410. Credit is allowed for only BIO 416 or HPS 410.
General Studies: L

BIO 419 Research Colloquium in Biology and Society. (3–6)
fall and spring
Develops critical thinking abilities, research methods, and writing skills for research in the interactions between biological sciences and society. Discussion. Prerequisite: BIO 311 or instructor approval.
General Studies: L

BIO 420 Field Zoology. (3)
not regularly offered
Experience in zoological field techniques. Requires weekend or longer field trips. Prerequisite: instructor approval.

BIO 423 Population and Community Ecology. (3)
not regularly offered
Organization and dynamics of population and communities, emphasizing animals. Theoretical and empirical approaches. Prerequisite: BIO 320 or instructor approval.

BIO 424 Mathematical Models in Ecology. (4)
not regularly offered
Mathematical modeling of populations, communities, and ecosystems, including case studies and student-designed projects. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisites: BIO 320; any calculus course.

BIO 425 Animal Ecology. (3)
not regularly offered
Physiological and behavioral adaptations of individual animals to both abiotic and biotic environments. Prerequisite: BIO 320.

BIO 426 Limnology. (4)
not regularly offered
Structure and function of aquatic ecosystems, with emphasis on freshwater lakes and streams. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab or field trip. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 320 or instructor approval.
General Studies: L

BIO 427 Fire. (3)
spring in odd years
Interdisciplinary survey of fire on Earth—its history, ecology, and management. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 428 Biogeography. (3)
fall
Environmental and historical processes determining distributional patterns of animals and plants, emphasizing terrestrial life. Prerequisites: BIO 182 (or its equivalent); junior standing.
General Studies: L

BIO 431 Human Development and Fertility. (3)
not regularly offered
Global influences of human population development on the human environment, including understanding human fertility and clinical influences on fertility. Discussion, presentation. Prerequisite: general biology.

BIO 435 Research Techniques in Animal Behavior. (3)
not regularly offered
Experimental and field studies of animal behavior; description and quantification of animal behavior and interpretation of behavior within an evolutionary framework. 1 hour lecture, 6 hours lab. Prerequisite: BIO 331.
General Studies: L

BIO 441 Cytogenetics. (3)
not regularly offered
Chromosomal basis of inheritance. Cross-listed as PLB 412. Credit is allowed for only BIO 441 or PLB 412. Prerequisite: BIO 340.

BIO 442 Cytogenetics Laboratory. (2)
not regularly offered
Microscopic analysis of meiosis, mitosis, and aberrant cell division. 6 hours lab. Cross-listed as PLB 413. Credit is allowed for only BIO 442 or PLB 413. Pre- or corequisite: BIO 441 or PLB 412.

BIO 446 Principles of Human Genetics. (3)
once a year
Molecular and cellular analysis of the human genome. Prerequisite: BIO 340.
General Studies: L

BIO 450 Advanced Developmental Biology. (3)
spring
Current concepts and experimental methods involving differentiation and biosynthetic activities of cells and organisms, with examples from microorganisms, plants, and animals. Prerequisite: BIO 351.

BIO 453 Animal Histology. (4)
spring
Microscopic study of animal tissues. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 182 or instructor approval.

BIO 454 Aquatic Insects. (3)
not regularly offered
Systematics and ecology of aquatic insects. Prerequisite: BIO 386.

BIO 464 Photobiology. (3)
not regularly offered
Principles underlying the effects of light on growth, development, and behavior of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Cross-listed as PLB 440. Credit is allowed for only BIO 464 or PLB 440. Prerequisites: CHM 231 (or 331); 12 hours in life sciences.

BIO 465 Neurophysiology. (3)
spring in even years
Detailed treatment of cellular and organismal neurophysiology and nervous system function. Prerequisite: BIO 360.

BIO 466 Neurophysiology Laboratory. (2)
not regularly offered
Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques, histological preparations, and dye-filling techniques. 6 hours lab. Pre- or corequisite: BIO 465.

BIO 470 Systematic Zoology. (4)
spring in odd years
Philosophy, theory, practice of interpreting animal diversity, including species concepts speciation, nomenclature, and evolutionary and phylogenetic classification emphasizing phylogenetics. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisites: junior standing; 18 hours in life sciences.
General Studies: L

BIO 471 Ornithology. (3)
spring in odd years
Biology of birds. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab, weekend field trips. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 370 or instructor approval.

BIO 472 Mammalogy. (4)
fall in odd years
Classification, structure, habits, ecology, and distribution of mammals, emphasizing North American forms. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab or field trip, weekend field trips. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 370 or instructor approval.

BIO 473 Ichthyology. (3)
spring in odd years
Systematics and biology of recent and extinct fishes. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab or field trip, weekend field trips required. Fee. Prerequisites: both BIO 370 and 425 or only instructor approval.

BIO 474 Herpetology. (3)
spring in even years
Systematics and biology of recent and extinct reptiles and amphibians. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab or field trip. Fee. Prerequisite: BIO 370.

BIO 480 Methods of Teaching Biology. (3)
spring
Methods of instruction, experimentation, organization, and presentation of appropriate content in biology. Prerequisite: 20 hours in the biological sciences.

BIO 482 Advanced Methods of Teaching Biology. (3)
fall in odd years
Design, delivery, and evaluation of student-centered, inquiry-based lessons for high school biology students. Learning cycle. Prerequisite: BIO 480.

BIO 484 Internship. (3)
not regularly offered

BIO 493 Honors Thesis. (1–6)
falll, spring, summer
General Studies: L

BIO 494 Special Topics. (1–4)
not regularly offered
Possible topics:

(a)	Cell Biotechnology. (4)

BIO 495 Undergraduate Thesis. (3)
fall, spring, summer
Guided research culminating in the preparation of an undergraduate thesis based on supervised research done in this and previous semesters. Prerequisites: at least 3 hours of BIO 310 (or 499); formal conference with instructor; instructor and department chair approval.

BIO 499 Individualized Instruction. (1–3)
fall and spring

BIO 502 Transmission Electron Microscopy. (3)
not regularly offered
Theory, use, and methods of preparing biological materials for transmission electron microscopy. Lecture, lab. Materials fee. Prerequisite: instructor approval.

BIO 505 Scanning Electron Microscopy. (3)
not regularly offered
Theory, use, and methods of preparing biological materials for scanning electron microscopy. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Materials fee. Prerequisite: instructor approval.

BIO 508 Scientific Data Presentation. (2)
spring
Techniques necessary for presentation of scientific data used in journal publications, grant proposals, and visual presentations. Lecture, lab. Prerequisite: instructor approval.

BIO 520 Biology of the Desert. (2)
not regularly offered
Factors affecting plant and animal life in the desert regions and adaptations of the organisms to these factors. Prerequisite: 10 hours in biological sciences or instructor approval.

BIO 522 Populations: Evolutionary Ecology. (3)
not regularly offered
Principles of population biology and community ecology within an evolutionary framework. 2 hours lecture, 2 hours recitation. Prerequisites: BIO 320, 415 (or MAT 210), 545.

BIO 524 Ecosystems. (3)
not regularly offered
Structure and function of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, with emphasis on productivity, energetics, biogeochemical cycling, and systems integration. Prerequisite: BIO 320 (or its equivalent).

BIO 526 Quantitative Ecology. (3)
not regularly offered
Sampling strategies, spatial pattern analysis, species diversity, classification, and applications of multivariate techniques to ecology. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisites: BIO 415 (or its equivalent); a course in ecology.

BIO 529 Advanced Limnology. (3)
not regularly offered
Recent literature, developments, methods, and limnological theory; field and lab application to some particular topic in limnology. Prerequisite: BIO 426.

BIO 543 Molecular Genetics. (3)
fall
Nature and function of the gene; emphasis on the molecular basis of inheritance and gene expression in procaryotes and eucaryotes. Prerequisites: BIO 340; a course in organic chemistry.

BIO 545 Populations: Evolutionary Genetics. (3)
not regularly offered
Mathematical models in the description and analysis of the genetics of populations. Prerequisites: a combination of BIO 320 and 345 and 415 or only instructor approval.

BIO 547 Techniques in Evolutionary Genetics. (4)
not regularly offered
Practical experience in modern techniques for the study of evolution. Lecture, lab. Prerequisites: BIO 340, 345; instructor approval.

BIO 550 Advanced Cell Biology. (3)
spring
Applications of contemporary electron microscopic and biochemical/molecular techniques for studying eukaryotic cell functions. Mechanisms of intracellular protein trafficking. Prerequisites: BIO 353 (or 360 or its equivalent or PLB 360); CHM 231 (or 331 or its equivalent).

BIO 551 Biomembranes. (3)
not regularly offered
Structure and function of biological membranes, emphasizing synthesis, fluidity, exocytosis, endocytosis, and cell responses to hormones and neurotransmitters. Prerequisites: BIO 353 (or its equivalent); CHM 231 (or 331 or its equivalent).

BIO 552 Developmental Genetics. (3)
spring
Genetic approaches to the analysis of development during the life cycle of eukaryotic organisms, and the role of genes in the unfolding of the differentiated phenotype. Prerequisite: BIO 340.

BIO 560 Comparative Physiology. (3)
not regularly offered
Analysis of function in invertebrates and vertebrates, emphasizing evolutionary trends in physiological systems. Prerequisite: BIO 360 (or its equivalent).

BIO 566 Environmental Physiology. (3)
not regularly offered
Physiological responses and adaptations of animals to various aspects of the physical environment. Prerequisites: BIO 320, 360.

BIO 568 Mammalian Physiology. (3)
not regularly offered
Detailed treatment of mammalian organ system functions emphasizing integrative mechanisms. Prerequisite: BIO 360 (or its equivalent).

BIO 569 Cellular Physiology. (3)
not regularly offered
Emphasizes the molecular basis for cell structure and function. Prerequisites: BIO 360; a course in organic chemistry.

BIO 583 OTS: Fieldwork in Tropical Biology. (6–8)
spring and summer
Intensive field-orientated classes with Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS) in Costa Rica with emphasis on research in ecology and systematics. Lecture, lab, fieldwork. Cross-listed as PLB 583. Credit is allowed for only BIO 583 or PLB 583. Prerequisites: graduate standing; a course in basic ecology.

BIO 584 Internship. (1–12)
fall and spring

BIO 591 Seminar. (1–12)
fall and spring
May be repeated for credit. Possible topics:

(a)	Adaptations. (1–3)
(b)	Behavior. (1–3)
(c)	Cell Biology. (1–3)
(d)	Ecology. (1–3)
(e)	Evolution. (1–3)
(f)	Genetic Engineering. (1–3)
(g)	Genetics. (1–3)
(h)	Physiology. (1–3)

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