BIO 100 The Living World. (4) F, S, SS
Principles of biology. Cannot be used for major credit in the biological sciences. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. General Studies: S1/S2.

BIO 120 Human Physiology. (4) N
Basic concepts of general science are discussed using current issues and basic concepts of human physiology as a focus. Cannot be used for major credit in biological sciences. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. General Studies: S2.

BIO 181 General Biology. (4) F, S, SS
Biological concepts emphasizing fundamental principles and the interplay of structure and function at the molecular, cellular, organismal, and population levels of organization. Secondary school chemistry strongly recommended. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: biological sciences major or preprofessional student in health-related sciences. General Studies: S1/S2.

BIO 182 General Biology. (4) F, S, SS
Continuation of BIO 181. Secondary school chemistry strongly recommended. Prerequisite: BIO 181. General Studies: S2.

BIO 193 The Nature of Biological Science. (4) F
Creative and critical thinking skills in biological research; nature of biological knowledge; role of experimentation, predictions, hypotheses, theories, values. Lecture, lab, discussion. Prerequisite: high school biology. General Studies: S1/S2.

BIO 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology I. (4) F, S, SS
Structure and dynamics of the human mechanism. Cannot be used for major credit in the Department of Biology. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. General Studies: S2.

BIO 202 Human Anatomy and Physiology II. (4) F, S, SS
Continuation of BIO 201. Cannot be used for major credit in the Department of Biology. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: BIO 201 or instructor approval.

BIO 218 Medical History. (1) F
Brief survey of humankind’s important inventions and discoveries in the art and science of medicine, illustrating interrelationships of medical ideas.

BIO 241 Human Genetics. (4) F
Introduction to basic concepts in genetics as they are applied to human heredity. Cannot be used for major credit in the Department of Biology. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: a course in the life sciences. General Studies: S2.

BIO 280 Animal Behavior. (3) F
Evolutionary, genetic, physiological, and ecological bases of animal behavior. Prerequisite: 4 hours of BIO or instructor approval.

BIO 300 Natural History of Arizona. (3) F, S
Plant and animal communities of Arizona. Cannot be used for major credit in the biological sciences. Prerequisite: junior standing.

BIO 301 Field Natural History. (1) N
Organisms and their natural environment. 2 weekend field trips, field project. Cannot be used for major credit in the biological sciences. Pre- or corequisite: BIO 300.

BIO 302 Cancer and Heart Disease. (3) F
Incidence and mortality statistics for cancer and heart disease; host and environmental risk factors; diagnosis, treatment and prevention strategies. Cannot be counted toward a Biology major. Prerequisites: 12 hours in life sciences and CHM 231 (or equivalent) and an L1 course or instructor approval. General Studies: L2.

BIO 303 Radiation and Life. (3) S
Benefits and risks of radiation exposure in society; medical applications, food irradiation, nuclear power, solar UV, population health effects. Cannot be counted toward a Biology major. Prerequisites: 12 hours in life sciences and CHM 231 (or equivalent) and an L1 course or instructor approval. General Studies: L2.

BIO 304 Radiation Medicine and Biology. (3) F
Uses of radiation in medicine, including CT, diagnostic x-ray, MRI, nuclear medicine, ultrasound; biological effects of radiation with emphasis on cancer. Prerequisites: 12 hours in life sciences and PHY 112 and an L1 course or instructor approval. General Studies: L2.

BIO 310 Special Problems and Techniques. (1–3) F, S
Qualified undergraduates may investigate a specific biological problem under the direction of a faculty member. May be repeated for a total of 6 semester hours. Prerequisites: formal conference with the instructor; approval of the problem by the instructor and department chair.

BIO 311 Biology and Society. (3) S
Explores interactions between biological sciences and society, e.g., biomedical, environmental, ethical, historical, legal, philosophical, political, and social issues. Lecture, discussion. Prerequisite: BIO 193 (or BIO 100) or BIO 181 and 182.

BIO 316 History of Biology: Conflicts and Controversies. (3) A
Focuses on 19th and 20th centuries, considering biology as a discipline, evolution, and problems of heredity, development, and cell theory. Cross-listed as HPS 330. Credit is allowed only for BIO 316 or HPS 330. General Studies: H.

BIO 317 Conservation Biology. (3) F
The scientific and technical means for management, maintenance, protection, and restoration of biological resources on this planet. Prerequisite: 8 hours of biology.

BIO 318 History of Medicine. (3) A
Scientific study of the human body, changing theories of disease, evolution of practical opinions on treatment, and the emerging institutionalization of medical practice. Cross-listed as HPS 331. Credit is allowed only for BIO 318 or HPS 331. General Studies: H.

BIO 319 Environmental Science (Nonmajor). (3) F
Environmental and biological concepts used to understand ecological systems with specific references to problems caused by humans. Cannot be used for major credit in the biological sciences. Cross-listed as PLB 320. Credit is allowed only for BIO 319 or PLB 320. General Studies: G.

BIO 320 Fundamentals of Ecology. (3) F, S
Organization, functioning, and development of ecological systems; energy flow; biogeochemical cycling; environmental relations; population dynamics. Prerequisite: BIO 182 or instructor approval.

BIO 321 Introductory Ecology Laboratory. (3) S
Laboratory and field observations and experiments to test current concepts and theories in ecology. Lab. Pre- or corequisite: BIO 320. General Studies: L2.

BIO 336 Sociobiology. (3) S
Survey of animal and human social behavior examined from an evolutionary perspective. Suitable for nonmajors. BIO 280 is recommended.

BIO 340 General Genetics. (4) F, S, SS
Science of heredity and variation. 3 hours lecture, 1 hour recitation. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 341 Genetic Analysis. (5) F 2000
General genetics: science of heredity and variation using critical inquiry. 3 hours lecture, 6 hours lab. Not open to students who have taken BIO 340. Lecture, lab. Prerequisites: BIO 182, 193 (or equivalent).

BIO 343 Genetic Engineering and Society. (4) F
Introduction to genetic engineering, with emphasis on applications (gene therapy, DNA fingerprinting, bioremediation, transgenic animals and plants). Lecture, lab. Cross-listed as PLB 352. Credit is allowed only for BIO 343 or PLB 352. Prerequisite: BIO 181 or equivalent.

BIO 351 Developmental Anatomy. (3) F
General developmental biology (embryology) and comparative structure of organ systems, illustrated mainly by vertebrate examples. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 352 Laboratory in Vertebrate Developmental Anatomy. (2) F, S
Morphology of representative embryonic and adult vertebrates. 2 3-hour labs. BIO 351 recommended. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 353 Cell Biology. (3) F
Survey of major topics in cell biology, including structural, biochemical, and molecular aspects of cell function. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 360 Basic Physiology. (4) F, S
Physiological mechanisms of the higher vertebrates. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisites: BIO 182; CHM 115; MAT 117.

BIO 370 Vertebrate Zoology. (4) F, S
Characteristics, classification, evolution, and natural history of the major groups of vertebrate animals. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 385 Comparative Invertebrate Zoology. (4) F
Characteristics, life cycles, adaptations, and evolution of invertebrate animals. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: BIO 182 or instructor approval.

BIO 386 General Entomology. (4) N
Form, activities, and classification of insects. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: BIO 182.

BIO 394 ST: Special Topics. (2–3) N
Topics of current or special interest in one or more aspects of animal biology. Topics vary. Prerequisite: junior standing.

BIO 406 Computer Applications in Biology. (3) F
Computer analysis techniques in biology emphasizing data entry, management and analysis, and graphic portrayal. Employs mainframe and microcomputers. Cross-listed as PLB 432. Credit is allowed only for BIO 406 or PLB 432. Prerequisites: BIO 182 and MAT 117 (or 210) or instructor approval. General Studies: N3.

BIO 410 Techniques in Wildlife Conservation Biology. (3) F
Field and analytical techniques used in evaluating population structure, viability and environmental impacts. Lecture, lab. Prerequisites: BIO 317 and 320 or instructor approval. General Studies: L2.

BIO 411 Advanced Conservation Biology I. (3) F
Principles of conservation science; biology of threatened species; management principles that meet conservation goals; emphasizing North American ecosystems. Prerequisites: BIO 317, 320.

BIO 412 Advanced Conservation Biology II. (3) F
Global biodiversity patterns, processes and conservation; global environmental change; sustainable use of natural resources; emphasizing international approaches to conservation biology. Prerequisites: BIO 317, 320.

BIO 415 Biometry. (4) F
Statistical methods applied to biological problems, design of experiments, estimation, significance, analysis of variance, regression, correlation, chi square, and bioassay; the use of computers. Does not satisfy laboratory requirements for the liberal arts general studies program. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: MAT 210 or equivalent. General Studies: N2.

BIO 416 Professional Values in Science. (2–3) A
Considers issues related to values in science such as collaboration, finances, legal issues, media, mentoring, ownership of ideas, scientific integrity. Discussion, student projects. Cross-listed as HPS 410. Credit is allowed only for BIO 416 or HPS 410. General Studies: L2.

BIO 419 Research Colloquium in Biology and Society. (3–6) F, S
Develops critical thinking abilities, research methods, and writing skills for research in the interactions between biological sciences and society. Discussion. Prerequisite: BIO 311 or instructor approval.

BIO 420 Field Zoology. (3) N
Experience in zoological field techniques. Requires weekend or longer field trips. Prerequisite: instructor approval.

BIO 423 Population and Community Ecology. (3) N
Organization and dynamics of population and communities, emphasizing animals. Theoretical and empirical approaches. Prerequisite: BIO 320 or instructor approval.

BIO 425 Animal Ecology. (3) N
Physiological and behavioral adaptations of individual animals to both abiotic and biotic environments. Prerequisite: BIO 320.

BIO 426 Limnology. (4) S
Structure and function of aquatic ecosystems, with emphasis on freshwater lakes and streams. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab or field trip. Prerequisite: BIO 320 or instructor approval. General Studies: L2.

BIO 428 Biogeography. (3) F
Environmental and historical processes determining distributional patterns of animals and plants, emphasizing terrestrial life. Prerequisites: BIO 182 (or equivalent); junior standing. General Studies: L2.

BIO 431 Human Development and Fertility. (3) S
Global influences of human population development on the human environment, including understanding human fertility and clinical influences on fertility. Discussion, presentation. Prerequisite: general biology.

BIO 435 Research Techniques in Animal Behavior. (3) N
Experimental and field studies of animal behavior; description and quantification of animal behavior and interpretation of behavior within an evolutionary framework. 1 hour lecture, 6 hours lab. Prerequisite: BIO 280. General Studies: L2.

BIO 441 Cytogenetics. (3) F
Chromosomal basis of inheritance. Cross-listed as PLB 412. Credit is allowed only for BIO 441 or PLB 412. Prerequisite: BIO 340.

BIO 442 Cytogenetics Laboratory. (2) F
Microscopic analysis of meiosis, mitosis, and aberrant cell division. 6 hours lab. Cross-listed as PLB 413. Credit is allowed only for BIO 442 or PLB 413. Pre- or corequisite: BIO 441 or PLB 412.

BIO 445 Organic Evolution. (3) F
Processes of adaptive change and speciation in sexual populations. Prerequisite: BIO 241 or 340.

BIO 446 Principles of Human Genetics. (3) A
Genetics in human populations, including medical aspects. Prerequisite: BIO 340. General Studies: L2.

BIO 450 Advanced Developmental Biology. (3) S
Current concepts and experimental methods involving differentiation and biosynthetic activities of cells and organisms, with examples from microorganisms, plants, and animals. Prerequisite: BIO 351.

BIO 453 Animal Histology. (4) S
Microscopic study of animal tissues. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: BIO 182 or instructor approval.

BIO 454 Aquatic Insects. (3) N
Systematics and ecology of aquatic insects. Prerequisite: BIO 386.

BIO 464 Photobiology. (3) F 2000
Principles underlying the effects of light on growth, development, and behavior of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Cross-listed as PLB 440. Credit is allowed only for BIO 464 or PLB 440. Prerequisites: CHM 231 (or 331); 12 hours of courses in life sciences.

BIO 465 Neurophysiology. (3) S
Detailed treatment of cellular and organismal neurophysiology and nervous system function. Prerequisite: BIO 360.

BIO 466 Neurophysiology Laboratory. (2) S
Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques, histological preparations, and dye-filling techniques. 6 hours lab. Pre- or corequisite: BIO 465.

BIO 470 Systematic Zoology. (4) S 2001
Philosophy, theory, practice of interpreting animal diversity, including species concepts speciation, nomenclature, and evolutionary and phylogenetic classification emphasizing phylogenetics. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisites: junior standing; 18 hours in life sciences. General Studies: L2.

BIO 471 Ornithology. (3) S
The biology of birds. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab, weekend field trips. Prerequisite: BIO 370 or instructor approval.

BIO 472 Mammalogy. (4) F 2000
Classification, structure, habits, ecology, and distribution of mammals, emphasizing North American forms. 3 hours lecture, 3 hours lab or field trip, weekend field trips. Prerequisite: BIO 370 or instructor approval.

BIO 473 Ichthyology. (3) S 2001
Systematics and biology of recent and extinct fishes. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab or field trip, weekend field trips required. Prerequisites: BIO 370 and 425 or instructor approval.

BIO 474 Herpetology. (3) S 2000
Systematics and biology of recent and extinct reptiles and amphibians. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab or field trip. Prerequisite: BIO 370.

BIO 480 Methods of Teaching Biology. (3) S
Methods of instruction, experimentation, organization, and presentation of appropriate content in biology. Prerequisite: 20 hours in the biological sciences.

BIO 495 Undergraduate Thesis. (3) F, S, SS
Guided research culminating in the preparation of an undergraduate thesis based on supervised research done in this and previous semesters. Prerequisites: at least 3 hours of BIO 310 (or 499); formal conference with instructor; instructor and department chair approval.

BIO 502 Transmission Electron Microscopy. (3) F
Theory, use, and methods of preparing biological materials for transmission electron microscopy. Materials fee. Lecture, lab. Prerequisite: instructor approval.

BIO 505 Scanning Electron Microscopy. (3) S
Theory, use, and methods of preparing biological materials for scanning electron microscopy. Materials fee. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisite: instructor approval.

BIO 508 Scientific Data Presentation. (2) S
Techniques necessary for presentation of scientific data used in journal publications, grant proposals, and visual presentations. Lecture, lab. Prerequisite: instructor approval.

BIO 520 Biology of the Desert. (2) N
Factors affecting plant and animal life in the desert regions and adaptations of the organisms to these factors. Prerequisite: 10 hours of biological sciences or instructor approval.

BIO 522 Populations: Evolutionary Ecology. (3) S
Principles of population biology and community ecology within an evolutionary framework. 2 hours lecture, 2 hours recitation. Prerequisites: BIO 320, 415 (or MAT 210), 545.

BIO 524 Ecosystems. (3) F 1999
Structure and function of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, with emphasis on productivity, energetics, biogeochemical cycling, and systems integration. Prerequisite: BIO 320 or equivalent.

BIO 526 Quantitative Ecology. (3) N
Sampling strategies, spatial pattern analysis, species diversity, classification, and applications of multivariate techniques to ecology. 2 hours lecture, 3 hours lab. Prerequisites: BIO 415 (or equivalent); a course in ecology.

BIO 529 Advanced Limnology. (3) N
Recent literature, developments, methods, and limnological theory; field and lab application to some particular topic in limnology. Prerequisite: BIO 426.

BIO 543 Molecular Genetics. (3) F
Nature and function of the gene; emphasis on the molecular basis of inheritance and gene expression in procaryotes and eucaryotes. Prerequisites: BIO 340; a course in organic chemistry.

BIO 545 Populations: Evolutionary Genetics. (3) F
Mathematical models in the description and analysis of the genetics of populations. Prerequisites: BIO 320 and 415 and 445 or instructor approval.

BIO 547 Techniques in Evolutionary Genetics. (4) S
Practical experience in modern techniques for the study of evolution. Lecture, lab. Prerequisites: BIO 340, 445; instructor approval.

BIO 550 Advanced Cell Biology. (3) S
Applications of contemporary electron microscopic and biochemical/molecular techniques for studying eukaryotic cell functions. Mechanisms of intracellular protein trafficking. Prerequisites: BIO 353 (or 360 or equivalent or PLB 360); CHM 231 (or 331 or equivalent).

BIO 551 Biomembranes. (3) N
Structure and function of biological membranes, emphasizing synthesis, fluidity, exocytosis, endocytosis, and cell responses to hormones and neurotransmitters. Prerequisites: BIO 353 (or equivalent); CHM 231 (or 331 or equivalent).

BIO 552 Developmental Genetics. (3) S 2000
Genetic approaches to the analysis of development during the life cycle of eukaryotic organisms, and the role of genes in the unfolding of the differentiated phenotype. Prerequisite: BIO 340.

BIO 560 Comparative Physiology. (3) N
The analysis of function in invertebrates and vertebrates, emphasizing evolutionary trends in physiological systems. Prerequisite: BIO 360 or equivalent.

BIO 566 Environmental Physiology. (3) N
Physiological responses and adaptations of animals to various aspects of the physical environment. Prerequisites: BIO 320, 360.

BIO 568 Mammalian Physiology. (3) N
Detailed treatment of mammalian organ system functions emphasizing integrative mechanisms. Prerequisite: BIO 360 or equivalent.

BIO 569 Cellular Physiology. (3) N
Emphasizing the molecular basis for cell structure and function. Prerequisites: BIO 360; organic chemistry.

BIO 584 Internship. (1–12) F, S

BIO 591 Seminar. (1–3) F, S
Topics such as the following are offered:

(a)	Adaptations
(b)	Behavior
(c)	Cell Biology
(d)	Ecology
(e)	Evolution
(f)	Genetic Engineering
(g)	Genetics
(h)	Physiology

May be repeated for credit.

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